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CO, N, and CO/N mixed gas injection for enhanced shale gas recovery and CO geological storage

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 428-445 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0865-9

摘要： In this work, using fractured shale cores, isothermal adsorption experiments and core flooding tests were conducted to investigate the performance of injecting different gases to enhance shale gas recovery and CO₂ geological storage efficiency under real reservoir conditions. The adsorption process of shale to different gases was in agreement with the extended-Langmuir model, and the adsorption capacity of CO₂ was the largest, followed by CH_4, and that of N₂ was the smallest of the three pure gases. In addition, when the CO₂ concentration in the mixed gas exceeded 50%, the adsorption capacity of the mixed gas was greater than that of CH₄, and had a strong competitive adsorption effect. For the core flooding tests, pure gas injection showed that the breakthrough time of CO₂ was longer than that of N₂, and the CH₄ recovery factor at the breakthrough time (

R C H 4

) was also higher than that of N₂. The

R C H 4

of CO₂ gas injection was approximately 44.09%, while the

R C H 4

of N₂ was only 31.63%. For CO₂/N₂ mixed gas injection, with the increase of CO₂ concentration, the

R C H 4

increased, and the

R C H 4

for mixed gas CO₂/N₂ = 8:2 was close to that of pure CO₂, about 40.24%. Moreover, the breakthrough time of N₂ in mixed gas was not much different from that when pure N₂ was injected, while the breakthrough time of CO₂ was prolonged, which indicated that with the increase of N₂ concentration in the mixed gas, the breakthrough time of CO₂ could be extended. Furthermore, an abnormal surge of N₂ concentration in the produced gas was observed after N₂ breakthrough. In regards to CO₂ storage efficiency (

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

), as the CO₂ concentration increased,

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

also increased. The

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

of the pure CO₂ gas injection was about 35.96%, while for mixed gas CO₂/N₂ = 8:2,

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

was about 32.28%.

关键词： shale gas gas injection competitive adsorption enhanced shale gas recovery CO₂ geological storage

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The Fast Road of Shale Gas Development in China —Reflections on Building a Special Test Areas for NationalShale Gas Development

Da-wei Zhang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 364-372 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015062

摘要： China’s shale gas development has had a good start. It is necessary that the developers take advantage of the opportunity to make further efforts to promote shale gas development in China, in particular by rolling out a comprehensive plan on a national level. The author makes a proposal to establish a special shale gas test area in and adjacent to the Sichuan Basin as the most important way to promote the rapid development of shale gas in China. For this purpose, the author analyzes the current situation and problems of shale gas development in China, addresses the necessity and feasibility of establishing a special test area for shale gas development, and draws up the scope of this shale gas special test area of about 450 thousand square kilometers, covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and part of Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei provinces, and proposes the establishment of a shale gas test area in China. This consists of an overall plan, targets, and contents in 10 aspects, along with organization and implementation modes. The shale gas exploration and development in the shale gas zones is promoted vigorously by introducing special policies and innovating exploration, development and utilization model. While at the same time, the shale gas zones of continental facies in the Ordos Basin and marine-terrigenous facies in South Hubei Basin will be established. The experiences of the reform in the shale gas zones will be the good practice for the reform of petroleum organization system.

关键词： China shale gas exploration and development reform special shale gas test area (shale gas zone)

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Discovery of Fuling Shale Gas Field and its prospects

Xusheng GUO, Yuping LI, Jinlei LI, Minggang FENG, Hua DUAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 354-366 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0581-z

摘要： A series of breakthroughs have been made in the understanding, evaluation, and exploration of shale gas from discovery, environmental protection to efficient exploration in the discovering of Fuling Gas Field. By revealing the positive correlation between organic carbon content and siliceous mineral content of shale deposited in deep shelf, dynamic preservation mechanism of “early retention and late deformation,” it is clarified that the shales deposited in deep shelf are the most favorable for shale gas generation, storage and fracturing. The preserving conditions determine the levels of shale gas accumulation, thus the evaluation concept of taking the quality of the shale as the base and the preserving conditions as key is proposed, the evaluation system for strategic selection of favorable zones is established for marine shale gas exploration in Southern China. Moreover, the “sweet point” seismic forecasting technologies for marine shale gas, the “six properties” logging technologies for evaluating shale gas layers, the technologies for quick and efficient drilling of horizontal well groups, and the fracturing technologies for composite fractures for horizontal wells are invented. The paper discussed the exploration prospect of shale gas in the shales of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in great depth in Sichuan Basin, shale gas exploration in the outer region of the south, and continental shale gas exploration in China.

关键词： shale gas accumulation laws exploration technologies Longmaxi Formation Fuling Shale Gas Field Sichuan Basin

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A Review on Shale Gas Development in Fuling

Zhi-gang Wang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第1期页码 76-81 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015011

摘要： The Fuling Marine Shale Deposit contains vast gas resources. Due to tectonic activities, complex surface and geological conditions, significant differences make it unlike that of North America. Thus, it is not suitable to completely copy the technology and the development model from North America. Therefore we need engineering technology and a business development model fit for Fuling Shale Gas Development (FSGD). Through difficulties and characteristics analysis of the shale gas development area, we determined geological engineering design methods and integrated workflow, established a series of the core technologies, including horizontal well drilling with long laterals, staged fracturing and completion technology, developed main fluids, tools and equipment, put forward “well factory” mode in mountain region and “full cycle learning and system optimization” management methods. Break through was made in China’s first large-scale shale gas fields commercial development. By the end of 2014, production capacity reached 25 × 10 m /a, and cumulative gas production reached 12.24 × 10 m , which made a solid foundation to build production capacity of 50 × 10 m /a in 2015 and 100 × 10 m /a in 2017. Not only has FSGD established a demonstration for the other shale gas fields’ development, but also will be taken as reference to other large and extra-large construction projects of the industry.

关键词： Fuling shale gas drilling and completion staged fracturing learning curve capacity building commercial development

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Engineering Philosophy-based Reflections on Efficient Development of Shale Gas in China

He Liu,Jian-wen Yan,Qing-hai Yang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第2期页码 108-113 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015030

摘要： The Shale Gas Revolution began to have a significant impact on global supply and demand of natural gas; also the price trend of natural gas has been greatly affected. This phenomenon raised concerns among natural gas producers and consumers. China has abundant shale gas resources, but the development scale is small while facing problems including weak exploration and evaluation basis, overlapping royalties, complex terrestrial environment, lack of technical practices and accumulation, inadequate management and regulatory mechanisms, etc. To overcome these challenges for large-scale shale gas development, we believe that shale gas development is not only a single technical problem, but a systematic engineering demanding multidisciplinary research that will be bound to spread to humans, nature, and society. Therefore, to ensure the healthy development of China’s shale gas, it is required to coordinate global and local relationships, engineering and community relations, as well as to break up the conflicts between engineering and nature, engineering and economy, along with engineering and society.

关键词： shale gas development engineering energy revolution engineering philosophy reflections

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Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

Tiezheng Tong, Kenneth H. Carlson, Cristian A. Robbins, Zuoyou Zhang, Xuewei Du

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1147-y

摘要：

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition.

• Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater.

• Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy.

• Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems.

• Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable.

关键词： Shale oil and gas production Wastewater treatment and reuse Membrane technology Pretreatment Academia-industry collaboration

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中国页岩气资源潜力及其在天然气未来发展中的地位

赵文智,董大忠,李建忠,张国生

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第7期页码 46-52

摘要：

中国页岩气勘探已在四川、鄂尔多斯等盆地及重庆、云南、贵州、湖南等地区获得发现，证实具有良好资源前景。依据最新资料，落实了稳定区面积、集中段厚度、可采资源丰度、含气量等资源评价关键参数，采用3种方法预测了我国页岩气可采资源量及分布。借鉴美国典型页岩气区发展经验，采用多种方法预测了我国页岩气未来达到的产量规模和发展路线图，明确提出了页岩气在我国未来天然气发展中的地位和作用。

关键词：页岩气资源潜力天然气未来发展地位

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全球页岩气发展启示与中国未来发展前景展望

董大忠,王玉满,李登华,杨桦,李新景,王淑芳

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 69-76

摘要：

中国页岩气勘探开发已开展了大量露头地质调研、前期研究与勘探开发先导试验等工作，尤其是在中国南方海相页岩气区，完钻了页岩气井40余口，获气10余口，多口井经压裂初期日产量超过了1万m³。实践表明，中国页岩气资源发展前景较好，但也具有明显的特殊性，许多地质与开发难题亟待解决，随着页岩气勘探开发理论与关键技术的突破、经济条件的改善和国家政策的支持，未来中国页岩气资源发展前景广阔。

关键词：页岩气资源前景勘探实践发展前景

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页岩油气革命

Lance A. Davis

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第4期页码 438-439 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.06.003

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中美页岩气成藏条件、分布特征差异研究与启示

李建忠,李登华,董大忠,王社教

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 56-63

摘要：

美国页岩气大多为海相热成因型，产气页岩主要分布在前陆和克拉通盆地的泥盆—石炭系，埋藏深度一般为1 500~3 500 m。我国页岩分为海相、海陆过渡相与煤系、湖相三类，其中海相页岩主要发育在坳拉槽和克拉通盆地的下古生界，富有机质集中段分布稳定，热成熟度偏高，有较高的含气量，勘探前景最好；海陆过渡相与煤系页岩主要发育在大型坳陷和前陆盆地，层系以石炭系—侏罗系为主，没有明显的富有机质集中段，含气量差别较大，勘探潜力有待落实；湖相页岩主要发育在中、新生代陆相盆地，富有机质集中段厚度大，成熟度较高的凹陷中心区可能具有一定资源前景。预测我国页岩气勘探将经历较长的探索期，未来年产量可达500亿～600亿m3规模。

关键词：页岩气成藏条件分布特征富有机质页岩中美对比启示

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我国致密砂岩气和页岩气的发展前景和战略意义

邱中建,赵文智,邓松涛

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 4-8

摘要：

根据资源、技术和现状全面分析了我国致密气和页岩气发展的关键因素。从资源品质、类型和政策等出发，提出我国致密气和页岩气发展路线和三步走的发展前景。系统论述了我国致密气和页岩气发展对于改善能源结构和保障国家能源安全具有重要战略意义。

关键词：致密气和页岩气关键因素发展路线能源安全能源结构

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页岩气主要富集因素与核心区选择及评价

王社教,杨涛,张国生,李登华,陈晓明

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 94-100

摘要：

影响页岩气规模开发的因素很多，最核心的因素是首先要通过建立地质评价标准，选出页岩气核心区。核心区的确定关系到在页岩气勘探初期，是否能找准页岩气最富集的目标，选择最有利地区进行勘探，突破出气关，进而实现大规模经济开发。从页岩气成藏特征、页岩气富集因素分析入手，重点探讨我国富有机质页岩的丰度、成熟度、脆性矿物含量、含气性以及盖层等关键参数及其作用。借鉴北美页岩气勘探开发和研究成果，结合我国页岩气勘探开发和研究新进展，初步建立我国页岩气核心区地质评价标准，并优选出我国南方海相页岩气的核心区，指出四川盆地南部是我国最现实的页岩气开发区。

关键词：核心区选区与评价富集因素海相页岩页岩气

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A review on the application of nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第8期页码 1165-1197 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2120-4

摘要： Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been widely used to recover residual oil after the primary or secondary oil recovery processes. Compared to conventional methods, chemical EOR has demonstrated high oil recovery and low operational costs. Nanofluids have received extensive attention owing to their advantages of low cost, high oil recovery, and wide applicability. In recent years, nanofluids have been widely used in EOR processes. Moreover, several studies have focused on the role of nanofluids in the nanofluid EOR (N-EOR) process. However, the mechanisms related to N-EOR are unclear, and several of the mechanisms established are chaotic and contradictory. This review was conducted by considering heavy oil molecules/particle/surface micromechanics; nanofluid-assisted EOR methods; multiscale, multiphase pore/core displacement experiments; and multiphase flow fluid-solid coupling simulations. Nanofluids can alter the wettability of minerals (particle/surface micromechanics), oil/water interfacial tension (heavy oil molecules/water micromechanics), and structural disjoining pressure (heavy oil molecules/particle/surface micromechanics). They can also cause viscosity reduction (micromechanics of heavy oil molecules). Nanofoam technology, nanoemulsion technology, and injected fluids were used during the EOR process. The mechanism of N-EOR is based on the nanoparticle adsorption effect. Nanoparticles can be adsorbed on mineral surfaces and alter the wettability of minerals from oil-wet to water-wet conditions. Nanoparticles can also be adsorbed on the oil/water surface, which alters the oil/water interfacial tension, resulting in the formation of emulsions. Asphaltenes are also adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles, which reduces the asphaltene content in heavy oil, resulting in a decrease in the viscosity of oil, which helps in oil recovery. In previous studies, most researchers only focused on the results, and the nanoparticle adsorption properties have been ignored. This review presents the relationship between the adsorption properties of nanoparticles and the N-EOR mechanisms. The nanofluid behaviour during a multiphase core displacement process is also discussed, and the corresponding simulation is analysed. Finally, potential mechanisms and future directions of N-EOR are proposed. The findings of this study can further the understanding of N-EOR mechanisms from the perspective of heavy oil molecules/particle/surface micromechanics, as well as clarify the role of nanofluids in multiphase core displacement experiments and simulations. This review also presents limitations and bottlenecks, guiding researchers to develop methods to synthesise novel nanoparticles and conduct further research.

关键词： nanofluid EOR mechanism nanoparticle adsorption interface property internal property

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Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Wei WANG, Yuxiang LUO, Zhou DENG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 20-31 doi: 10.1007/s11783-009-0012-9

摘要： Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m /h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas – as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer – were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.

关键词： landfill gas (LFG) compressed purified landfill gas (CPLG) pressure swing adsorption (PSA) alternative vehicle fuel demonstration project

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济阳坳陷渤南洼陷页岩油气形成条件研究

张善文,王永诗,张林晔,李政, 朱家俊,巩建强,郝运轻

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 49-55

摘要：

通过大量地震、钻井、测井、矿物、地球化学、物性资料分析，认为济阳坳陷渤南洼陷古近系沙一段、沙三下和沙四上亚段页岩分布面积广，有机质丰度高，有机质类型以I—II型为主，有机质成熟度分布范围宽，具备形成大量页岩油气的物质基础，三套泥页岩全岩矿物组成中粘土矿物含量低，脆性矿物含量高，以碳酸盐含量为主，利于页岩油气的开采。页岩中压力系数高，各类微孔隙、微裂缝发育，从而容易形成网状的油气储存体系，利于页岩油气的保存。含油、水饱和度分析资料显示，渤南洼陷沙三下亚段12上—13上层组页岩中具有较高的单位岩石含油气量，是页岩油气勘探的有利层段，其中的纹层状泥质灰岩是最有利的岩石类型，具有较好的页岩油气勘探前景。

关键词：页岩油气古近系陆相页岩矿物组成有机碳含量